Abstinence Only Programs Funding The Demolishment Of...

Abstinence Only Programs: Funding the Demolishment of Human Rights in America â€Å"Don’t have sex because you will get pregnant and die!† (Mean Girls). This famous quote said by Coach Carr, the health teacher, in the movie Mean Girls swarms the brains of teenagers all over the world. While this quote is quite extreme and is making a mockery of abstinence only programs, it’s analogous to what teachers across the nation are reciting to brainwash our youth. Abstinence-Until-Marriage programs are implemented in numerous high school and junior high schools across the country. While the title seems promising, â€Å"Mathematica [Policy Research Inc. (on behalf of U. S. Department of Health and Human Services) found that through] evaluation, [there’s] no evidence that abstinence-until-marriage programs increased rates of sexual abstinence† (What the Research Says†¦). Teaching a course that isn’t beneficial is meaningless and merely a waste of time. These curriculums use fear tactics to scare children away from sex, reinforce gender norms, and provide inaccurate medical information. Schools that provide abstinence only programs are denying our youth factual, substantial knowledge and survival skills. Instead, these schools should consider an abstinence-plus program, also known as a safe sex contraception education, for their students. According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 26, â€Å"everyone has the right to education† (United Nations). Thus, everyone has the right to be

Dialogue Between Ophelia And Hamlet - 742 Words

William Shakespeare has written some of the greatest plays of all time regarding love and war. In the play, Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, Ophelia and Hamlet exchange many comments about their relationship while Hamlet wages a form of war on the King. It is widely up to interpretation if the comments exchanged signal a friendship or if they allude to something more. In William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Ophelia and Hamlet maintain a serious relationship, yet lack a sense of affection, which describes a very important lesson in respecting others. Dialogue between Hamlet and Ophelia clearly show that their relationship is real and ongoing. When talking to her father about Hamlet, Ophelia says,†He hath my lord, of late made many tenders of his†¦show more content†¦In act two, Ophelia says to Polonius, â€Å"As you did command I did repel his letters and denied his access to me. The words â€Å"repel† and â€Å"denied† are used to highlight how Ophelia di sregards Hamlet’s messages of love and affection. This further contributes to the idea that the two â€Å"lovers† don’t actually love each other. During an argument with Ophelia, Hamlet exclaims, â€Å"You should not have believed me †¦ I loved you not† (3.1). This feud between the two shows how they feel about each other. They disregard each others feelings which leads to a lack of appreciation for one another. The character’s lack of love can be attributed to a lack of respect, which teaches an important lesson. Hamlet’s failing relationship with Ophelia conveys the vital lesson of the importance of respecting others. In act two, Ophelia tells Polonius that Hamlet, â€Å"took me by the wrist and held me hard. Then he goes he to the length of all his arm† (2.2). Ophelia’s conversation with her father shows that she believes that her personal space has been violated. This helps illustrate the importance of respect in a rel ationship. During a later argument, Hamlet says to Ophelia, â€Å"Get thee to a nunnery. Why woulds’t thou be a breeder of sinners† (3.1). Hamlet’s words show his blatant disregard for Ophelia’s feelings. This ultimately is one of the major contributors to the failing relationship. During the play, Ophelia remarks to Hamlet thatShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Character Ophelia in Shakespeares Hamlet1312 Words   |  6 PagesThe Character Ophelia in Shakespeares Hamlet Ophelia is the daughter of Polonius, the right hand man of the King. Although she is only in five scenes Ophelia plays an interesting role in this play as the seemingly passive, melancholy, innocent little girl whose story ends in tragedy. From the beginning Ophelia is an obedient character who has real trouble thinking for herself. This could be seen as one of the reasons for her eventual downfall, due to her inabilityRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Conversation Enabler1332 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare’s Hamlet, Ophelia is one of the most elusive characters of the play and her importance is very hard to pinpoint and has raised eyebrows for centuries. For example, the scene of her death is one that artists have depicted over and over, yet that iconic moment is merely alluded to and happens off stage. This reflects Ophelia’s character very well considering that she is often at the periphery of the action; more talked about then talked to. There are many questions surrounding Ophelia and manyRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1427 Words   |  6 PagesWhy has Hamlet’s rage led him to a death that was destined to happen? Simple, his absolute motive was to seek revenge for the death of his father, who was once the King of Denmark. In this tragedy, Hamlet wanted to put on this image of an insane man. This would mislead the people aroun d him from his intentions of killing King Claudius, who is strangely his uncle and â€Å"father† simultaneously. Claudius takes the throne for Denmark after pouring poison down King Hamlet’s ear without leaving any evidenceRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet856 Words   |  4 PagesMacbeth, and Hamlet. For one of his famous works, Hamlet, Shakespeare uses plot to strengthen the point of corruption in the play. Another element used to further help the theme of the play is character. The final literary element used to explain the theme of corruption in the story is dialogue. William Shakespeare uses the dramatic elements of plot, character, and dialogue to illustrate the theme of corruption. William Shakespeare uses the plot to include the theme of corruption into Hamlet. The firstRead MoreHamlet Film Adaption Vs. Play Comparison1216 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet Film Adaption vs. Play Comparison Shakespeare’s Hamlet has countlessly been formatted into film depictions of the play. Each film seemed to be on one end of the spectrum of either being closely interpreted or completely remodeled a different idea of what Hamlet is. The film version of Hamlet released in 2000 seems to follow closely to the play in some aspects, yet at the same time having its own unique identity Despite there being many differences with the play Hamlet and the film adaptationRead More Essay on the Manipulation of Polonius and Ophelia in Hamlet987 Words   |  4 Pagesand Ophelia in Hamlet  Ã‚        Ã‚   The main plot of Shakespeares Hamlet centers around Prince Hamlets desire to repay King Claudius for his evil deeds. Around this central action revolve the stories concerning the minor characters of Polonius and Ophelia. Though they do not motivate Hamlets actions towards the King, these characters act as forces upon Hamlet himself, trying to spur him to do things he does not want to do. Both Polonius and Ophelia try, unsuccessfully, to manipulate Hamlet intoRead MoreFunction Of Shakespeare s Hamlet 1735 Words   |  7 PagesTravis Hedgepeth Kimberly Joyner Hon. English IV 11 December, 2015 Function of the soliloquies in Hamlet The soliloquy is a tool that helps reflect the inner thought of characters throughout the story, they bring out the thought process which could not be said in a normal conversation . This speech to the audience can be in the presence of other characters in the story plot but since it is one’s inner thought , they can not hear it. Shakespeare uses thisRead MoreEssay about The Relationship Between Hamlet and Ophelia947 Words   |  4 PagesThe Relationship between Hamlet and Ophelia Table of Contents 1. Introduction iii 2. Body iii 2.1 â€Å"I did love you once† iii 2.2 â€Å"I loved you not† iv 2.3 â€Å"This is I, Hamlet the Dane† v 3. Conclusion vi Bibliography vii Versicherung viii 1. Introduction Shakespeare’s Hamlet is by all means a troubled young man. He seeks revenge for the murder of his father and has to deal with the incestuous relationship between his mother and uncle. In order to hide his motives, he pretendsRead MoreOphelia, By William Shakespeare Essay766 Words   |  4 PagesOphelia, as a person, is essentially formed by the men in her life. This is not a radical idea: it has been embraced by centuries of Shakespeare critics. However, to go slightly deeper, one could consider what exactly the absence of Hamlet, Polonius, and Laertes has on her identity (outside of madness). This scene serves to force her into a new persona, as one without a personality. Ophelia is no longer a maid. She says this herself with, â€Å"And I a maid at your window, to be your Valentine...OutRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1281 Words   |  6 PagesWho exactly is Hamlet and what are his true characteristics? It may seem like an easy question, however, quite difficult to answer. Throughout Shakespeare’s play, â€Å"Hamlet,† Hamlet seems to be on the verge of insanity. However, it cannot be known for certain if Hamlet has lost his mind, To put an antic disposition on, That you, at such times seeing me, never shall, (Shakespeare 1.V.173) It may not be known if Shakespeare intended to have Hamlet evolve into a madman, however, what is known is the

Objectives Of Business Essay - 1466 Words

What are the objectives of business? Every business enterprise has certain objectives which regulate and generate its activities. Objectives are needed in every area where performance and results directly affect survival and prosperity of a business. Various objectives of business may be classified into four broad catego ­ries as follows: 1. Economic Objectives: Business is basically an economic activity. Therefore, its primary objectives are economic in nature. The main economic objectives of business are as follows: (i) Earning profits: A business enterprise is established for earning some income. It is the hope of earning profits that inspires people to start business. Profit is essential for the survival of every business unit. Just as†¦show more content†¦In addition to wages and salary a reasonable part of profits should be distrib ­uted among employees in recognition of their contributions. Such sharing of profits will help to increase the motivation and efficiency of employees. It is the obligation of business to provide healthy and safe work environment for employees. Good working conditions are beneficial to the organisation because these help to improve the produc ­tivity of employees and thereby the profits of business. Employees work day and night to ensure smooth functioning of business. It is, therefore, the duty of employers to pro ­vide hygienic working and living conditions for workers. (iii) Employment Generation: Business should provide opportunities for gainful employ ­ment to members of the society. In a country like India unemployment has become a serious problem and the Government is unable to offer jobs to all. Therefore, provision of adequate and full employment opportunities is a significant service to society. If unem ­ployment problem increases, the socioeconomic environment cannot be congenial for the growth of business activities. (iv) Fair return to investor: Business is expected to pay fair return to shareholders and creditors in the form of dividend and interest. Investors also expect safety and apprecia ­tions of their investment. They should be kept informed about the financial health and future prospects ofShow MoreRelatedBusiness Objectives Of Starting A Business810 Words   |  4 Pagesstarting a business, the following items must be addressed: 1. Mission Statement Develop a simple statement that will express the business’s vision and convey the company big picture. This allows the mission statement will put the vision into words and set the tone for the company objectives. The mission statement becomes the blueprint for the core values of the business and helps to establish a code of conduct. 2. Setting Business Objectives It is important that business objectives be clearRead MoreObjectives Of An Appraisal Of Established Business Objectives2463 Words   |  10 PagesTask 1. Be Able to Analyze Business Objectives to Identify Feasible Projects 1.1 Identify Projects Required from an Appraisal of Established Business Objectives A project may be a new structure, plant, process, system, or software, small or large, or the replacement of existing structure, refurbishing, renewal or removal of an existing one. Project is an investment of resources of all kinds to produce goods or services. It costs money. The normal criteria for investment in a proposed projectRead MoreThe Business Objectives Of Markexcite1736 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstand and realise that, for us to flourish, our services need to be responsive and flexible according to clients needs. Our main business objective is to achieve success by providing dynamic solutions and by having customer-centric approach. What We Sell Markexcite works with small and medium sized companies to develop their business further. We offer expertise in business strategy development, branding , tactics and implementation, global marketing . Our services also include market representationRead MoreBusiness Strategy And Objectives Of Business1957 Words   |  8 Pages1 .0 Business strategy and objectives 1.1 EnerMech’s corporate objectives Corporate objectives are those that communicate to the business as a whole. They are usually set by the management of the business and they deliver the focus for setting more detailed objectives for the main practical actions. They tend to emphasis on the wanted performance and results of the business. It is vital that corporate objectives cover a range of key areas where the business wants to achieve results. http://beta.tutor2uRead MoreFedex : The Objectives Of Business Essay1858 Words   |  8 Pages Some may say the objectives of business are rooted within the goals of profit maximization in pleasing shareholders, however we cannot leave out the drivers of business that include a dedicated and responsible workforce like that of FedEx; one of the most trusted brands in the world. It is actually through carrying out such worthwhile social ventures and still meeting profit goals that set the bar of success higher through creating value that is not measured with financial statements. FedEx choosesRead MoreBusiness Strategies Effect on Business Objectives799 Words   |  4 PagesEvaluate marketing strategies the business could use to achieve its business objectives When devising a marketing strategy, it is important that a business has a clear understanding of the target market. Once this has been established, the business will develop appropriate promotional and pricing strategies that cater to the needs of this target group. The business will also need to consider appropriate locations to sell the product. Qantas is Australia s leading and largest airline and one ofRead MoreObjectives Of A Business Strategy Essay1762 Words   |  8 Pagesused for this purpose, but fail to provide direction on how to arrive at those conclusions. The purpose of the Plan Phase is to create a clear strategy that will serve as the basis for setting business direction and priorities (and resource utilization). This is done through three sub-steps: Review Business Strategy, Identify Target Audience and Define Position. Innovation requires leadership at the strategic level. Senior managers should act as innovation champions and contribute to an organizationalRead MoreGoals and Objectives in Business Essay638 Words   |  3 PagesGoals and Objectives in Business One of the most important components of your business plan will be the section titled, Goals and Objectives. Simply put, this section will be used to assist in your business planning and direction. This section can be revisited at any point in time throughout your business to ensure the business has met the outlined goals and objectives and is on track. If your plans seem to have strayed from the original plan, you can then determineRead MorePrimary Objective Of Starting A Business Essay1007 Words   |  5 PagesThe primary objective of starting a business is to gain customers, and it is the most crucial part in the success of running a business. In order to thrive into today’s’ economy business entities across the globe use marketing as a tool for gaining new customers and retaining the existing ones (Wood, 2008). Thus, marketing remains to be the main backbone of new and existing businesses successes. Apparently, there are several basic concepts of marketing, which are commonly used by numerous marketersRead MoreDescription And Objectives Of A Business Communication907 Words   |  4 PagesDescription and Objectives People communicate because they are social beings. Organizations are the most prevalent social structures in people’s lives. The ability to communicate effectively in all organizational settings is, therefore, essential. However, communicating in business is one of the most misunderstood processes. In this course, students will try to polish their business communication skills and acquire new ones in order to become the professionals the employers expect. A web-based course

Outline for Amish Culture Speech Essay - 739 Words

Morgan Yordy Culture Speech Outline Specific Goal: Inform about the Amish lifestyle and culture. Introduction Imagine your life without electricity, a formal education past eighth grade, or blue jeans. Sounds pretty tough, right? This is a simple way to explain the lifestyle of the Amish communities that are scattered throughout North America. For most of us, the Amish are a group of people that are mysterious, like a letter that contains no return address and appears in the mail one day. Most people seem to know very little about the Amish besides their antique clothing and horse-drawn modes of transportation. To understand the Amish better, some key concepts include the history of the Amish, their rules of discipline, and†¦show more content†¦Prayer cap is always worn during lifetime. Main Point 3: The Role of an Amish person in their individual lives and in their community The Amish usually speak three languages, Pennsylvania Dutch first, then English as a second language and High German third, as it is used in church services and in their version of the Bible. Church services are held in houses of the Amish families, rotating every week, rather than in a permanent church building. A powerful sense of community and others before self is expressed by the Amish, according to the Encyclopedia of American Religious History. a. An example of this community is the barn-raising, which usually occurs after the destruction of an Amish building, due to a fire or effects of a bad storm. The women of the community begin a wave of mass baking and cooking with recipes for up to 175 men that would make Martha Stewart jealous. The men begin to collect materials and the rebuilding of whatever is the focus of the raising, according to Encyclopedia Britannica. b. A compelling sense of peace and forgiveness exists among the Amish, as is often expressed by outsiders. Rumspringa is an important element of the Amish teen life, a time to explore different lifestyles, along with dating. a. According to Teen Life among the Amish and Other Alternative Communities, this period of a teen’s life begins around the sixteenth birthday. The teen is given more freedom in their lives during this time. TheyShow MoreRelatedAlternating Current and Electricity1862 Words   |  8 PagesIn today s culture, electricity is a vital part of functioning as a society. Simple tasks, such as waking up at a designated time or enjoying a piece of music, are accomplished currently via electronic means. One only needs to consider the consequences of a relatively short power outage Ââ€" factories close down, phones and computers go dead, traffic slows to a crawl, food spoils in refrigerators Ââ€" to accurately observe how power-dependent our society has become. However, electricity is a constantly

Tokyo ben and Kansai ben †Japanese has many local dialects Free Essays

Japanese has many local dialects. The two dialects with the largest number of speakers are the eastern and western dialects. The eastern dialect is called â€Å"Tokyo ben† which is equivalent to standard Japanese and the western dialect is called â€Å"Kansai ben† which is spoken in western Japan such as Kyoto, Osaka and Kobe. We will write a custom essay sample on Tokyo ben and Kansai ben – Japanese has many local dialects or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are four main differences between Tokyo ben and Kansai ben affecting vocabulary, spelling, pronunciation and grammar. The first difference is vocabulary. Different dialects use different words for the same things. For example, â€Å"arigato†(thank you) is used in Tokyo ben while â€Å"maido ookini†(thank you) is used in Kansai ben instead (Rie-Higuchi,2002). The easterners say â€Å"yano-assatte†(the day after tomorrow), â€Å"shoppai†(salty) and â€Å"-nai†(not) whereas the westerners use â€Å"shi-asatte† (the day after tomorrow), â€Å"ka-rai†(salty) and â€Å"-n† or â€Å"-nu† (not) (Shibatani,2002). The second difference between two dialects is spelling. The numbers of syllables decrease in Kansai ben. Many words in Tokyo ben are shorten when are used in Kansai ben. For example, he word â€Å"yoku†(very well) in Tokyo ben become â€Å"yo†(very well) in Kansai ben(Shibatani, 2002). â€Å"Omoshiroi† (interesting) is spelled in Tokyo ben while Kansai ben spells â€Å"omoroi†(interesting) ( Shibatani,2002). The most obvious difference between two dialects is pronunciation. Tokyo ben has such features as â€Å"z†, â€Å"chi† and â€Å"ku† are pronounced like â€Å"j† and â€Å"gu† in Kasai ben. For example, â€Å"0† (zero) is changed into â€Å"dero† or â€Å"jero†( Long,2002). â€Å"1†(ichi) is pronounced as † iji† (Long,2002). â€Å"6†(roku) is pronounced â€Å"rogu† in Kasai ben(Long,2002). Moreover, the first syllable is more emphasized in Tokyo ben while the second syllable is more carefully pronounced in Kasai ben. For example, â€Å"tabako† is pronounced like â€Å"tabako† in Kansai ben (Shibatani,2002). It is the same as in the case of the name of a person. â€Å"Mr. Tekeda† is pronounced in Tokyo ben while Kansai ben pronounces as † Mr. Tekeda†(Shibatani,2002). The last difference includes grammar which is concerned with the particle. The particle â€Å"-su† is omitted from verbs in Kansai ben. Therefore, â€Å"masu ka† in Tokyo ben (standard Japanese) ecome â€Å"makka† and † desu ka† become â€Å"dekka† in Kansai ben. For example, the verb â€Å"tabemasu ka†(eat) in Tokyo ben is changed into â€Å"tabemakka†(eat) in Kansai ben(Shibatani,2002). Also, â€Å"nan desu ka†(what’s it? ) become â€Å"nan dekka†(what’s it? ) in Kansai ben(Shibatani,2002). Furthermore, the particle â€Å"da†, which is thought to function as the verb â€Å"to be† or † to do†, is replaced by particle â€Å"ya† in Kansai ben. For example, â€Å"uso da†(you’re kidding) in Tokyo ben is replaced by â€Å"uso ya† and † So dattara†(if it’s true) is changed into † So yattara†(if it’s true) in Kansai ben(Palter,2002). How to cite Tokyo ben and Kansai ben – Japanese has many local dialects, Papers

Computer Benefits free essay sample

Science and technology Adv of technology First of all, technologies play a very important role in society because it makes life easier to live on and less time consuming. Technology has the ability to create shortcuts in working. People do not have to do all the hard labor anymore. For example, microwave ovens cook food easily without using any stoves and making a big mess. Some decade ago, there were no gas or electric stoves, people have to get firewoods and lighting them up for cooking. Technology makes things very easy to use comparing it in the old fashion way. Moreover, medical science is very progressive and saves many innocent lives. Medical treatment has been going well with the help of technology. Nowadays, hospitals use technology as the assistance for the operation. Doctors use machines to produce medicine to cure sickness and the discovery of x-ray enable doctors to treat some kinds of diseases. We will write a custom essay sample on Computer Benefits or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On the otherhand, the application of science leads to the development of technology. Technology comes from the Greek word tekne, which means art, craft or skill. Technology is the art craft and skill of harnessing scientific knowledge. Technology has improved the quality of life in many ways. DNA Analysis is now used to solve crimes. Packaged livelihood technologies produce goods and provide work and income. Nuclear research has brought about technologies fro treating cancer, preserving food and providing energy. Harnessing energy from the sun has brought about solar powered batteries for calculators and watches. The aqualung allowed man to explore the ocean depths thereby opening the underwater world for deeper exploration. In addition to this, science and technology influences our lives. These inventions that have changed the world are products of genuises who altogether make up only a small percentile of the millions of people who inhabit the earth. Disad of tech However, there is always a down side to everything. As a saying goes, there is no such thing as free lunch. Technological advancement has its own negative effects. For example, the burning of fossil fuels is primarily to energize the modern worldand to power cars. However, it has degraded the quality of air we breathe and has caused other environmental hazards with health threatening effects that adversely affect life. On the contrary, technology also brings harm to our society. The booming of industrialization and development causes pollutions to our world. For example, the smoke from the vehicles and machines affects the quality of air and destroy the ozone layer. As a result, people suffer illness like cancers. In addition, technologies also create financial problems in families because most of the technologies are expensive like computers. People that cannot afford to buy this kind of technology will live in a stressful life. For example, people that do not have washing machine will have to wash clothes by hand which is time consuming Computer benefits free essay sample In todays modern world, computers are needed everyday. Around the world, children use computers from the time they are little. Its true that children should have fun when they are young; however, in my opinion, a child who knows how to use the computer will be more successful in the future. My reasons for this view are personal, academic and professional. From a personal point of view, computers can help young people to learn more about the world. For example, some children use the Internet to find information on different subjects. In this way, they learn to find answers by themselves. By using the computer when they are little, children feel more comfortable around computers. They also know how to use the computer for different reasons. From an academic viewpoint, children have to learn how to use this new invention. For instance, when I was in college, many students used to bring their laptops to class. We will write a custom essay sample on Computer benefits or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They used to take notes, do research and share information. They wrote their essays, made presentations and created useful lists. Children who can use the computer when they are young have more confidence than other children. From a professional perspective, the computer is found in every kind of office. Today, employers will still hire people who cannot use computers and give them computer training. But tomorrow, companies will expect people to have these skills already. As a result, by encouraging children to use the computer for a short time every day, parents are preparing their children for future jobs. In conclusion, it is clear that computers are now a part of our regular life. Children who can use computers easily and confidently will do better in the future.

Influence of Project Portfolio Management on Individual Projects

Introduction Background Project’s success depends on a number of factors, and the prevailing conditions within a given business. Project portfolio management is always important when a firm is planning on how to influence all the projects positively.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Influence of Project Portfolio Management on Individual Projects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More An individual project can be influenced by project portfolio management in various ways, as will be discussed in this research paper. Due to the demand and desire to compete effectively in the world market, researchers have directed a lot of their attention in projects management. In the past years, little of project portfolio management was known, but now in the current world, things are changing with the many changes taking place in various sectors. People, including scholars and business managers, have become very innovative. Modernity is taking place at a very high rate and so many changes are observed in the world market. This calls for a proper project management for any project’s goals and objectives to be realized. According to Kousholt (2007, p. 34), projects are identified and classified into various categories mostly during the initial stages of a project. There is a raised concern to come up with a better project management approach in order to march with the competitive market environment. This means that a project needs to be managed as part of the portfolio within the organization. Several arguments have come up showing that portfolio managed has been noted to have very positive effect on a single project’s success. According to Murch (2004, p. 112), success of a single project may be pegged on how the top management manages the project portfolio. In the portfolio of projects, there are different projects that have different weights.Advertising Looking for proposal on busin ess economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The top management should know how to award both material and moral support to each project in the portfolio. This will demand that this management have a clear understanding of all the projects in the portfolio. When there is a general lack of understanding of the project portfolio, it means that the relevant authorities will have limited understanding of each individual project. This failure to manage the portfolio of projects would mean that individual project may not succeed because it was not well taken care of initially. It is therefore, of interest to understand the influence of project portfolio management on success of an individual project. This paper aims at identifying the influence of project portfolio management on individual projects. Aim In every research, it is always important to clearly define aims of the project. According to Nagarajan (2005, p. 19), aims are the b roader desired outcomes of a given project. They are the long term benefits that such a project should bring to the organization. This scholar holds that a research should have specific aims that would define its path. It will be clear to all the stakeholders that such a project would be striving to achieve specific outcome in the long run. This research paper is no exception. The aim of this research paper is intertwined in the research question which is stated as below. What is the impact of project portfolio management on individual projects? It is clear, from this research question that the aim of this project is to define the relationship between project portfolio management and individual projects. This is further elaborated in the subsection below on the objectives.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Influence of Project Portfolio Management on Individual Projects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Objectiv es Panneerselvam and Senthilkumar (2010, p. 89) define objectives as the subsidiaries to aim. This scholar holds that objectives are the exact answers to the question, which means that they are the specific steps to be taken when answering the question. In a research process, it is important to clearly define research objectives because it helps others understand the scope of the project. It helps state the level beyond which the research may not hold. In this research, the researcher developed research objectives to help define the scope of this research. This proposed research paper will address the following objectives. To bring a clear understanding on how project portfolio management affects individual project. To create an understanding on how project portfolio management can bring an overall success on a firm. To create an understanding on how success of a single project among the portfolio of projects, can bring overall success to other projects and to the firm both in the short and long run. Literature Review Project Portfolio According to Amrosini, Johnson and Scholes (1998, p. 73), project portfolio management refers to a process of centralizing management system of projects with the aim of maximizing financial gains while taking into consideration, the existence of various constraints and the interest of various stakeholders within the firm. The world has increasingly become competitive, and firms are struggling to come up with various strategies that would enable them become competitive in the world market and enable them maximize financial benefits. A firm will come up with a project with an aim of increasing its financial gains in a given market. Every project has its own constrains that the project managers must consider. As Kanda (2011, p. 89) states, project constrains must always be factored in when determining the appropriateness of a project. Project portfolio refers to an assortment of projects that are to be managed in a collective man ner in a way that will achieve organizational objectives.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is important to note that the process of project portfolio management is a complex process that requires attention of all the stakeholders within the firm. The project managers and project officials have the responsibility to ensure viability of the project as this will highly determine the effectiveness of portfolio management. This is so because, the interests of stakeholders vary, and their interests should be wisely considered in defining the viability of any proposed project. According to Coulter (2009, p. 113), for a portfolio management to be effective, there is need to apply unique skills, knowledge and several other collection of tools together with techniques. A combination of all these will enable the project managers and officials to effectively manage allocate various resources in the projects and boost the management at different levels of production in the firm and hence a high financial return. As Coveney and Highfield (1995, p. 28) say, project portfolio manageme nt always have a direct effect on success of individual projects. It would therefore mean that mismanagement of the portfolio of projects will have a general negative impact on the individual projects. Project portfolio management would always mean that the there will be a clear way on how each individual project will be managed overly by the top management. The top management should clearly state what is expected of each project. This way, it should be clear to project manager for individual projects and the project members to have a clear understanding of what is expected of the project. They will know what is expected of them, and this way, they will act in a way that will help achieve the expected objectives. Managing Single Projects Managing of projects requires a great deal of understanding the project itself. Having a portfolio of projects would mean that the project coordinator will have to assign every single project to a group of individuals, headed by project manager. Whe n handling a single project, the project manager and project members must understand the objective of the project, and how it relates to the strategic objectives of the organization. The ultimate aim will always be to ensure that the project helps in achieving the long term goals of the organization. In managing single projects, the first issue that should be considered is the project’s goals and the constraints that it faces. The goals should be defined in a SMART (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic and Timely) approach. Having defined the project, it would be necessary to determine the constraints that the project would face in the implementation process. In most of the cases, time and finance are the leading constrains in a project. It is important however, to go beyond these two obvious constrains. There must be specific constrains that are unique to the project. In managing such a project, the project manager will be responsible for explaining to the project mem bers all the project deliverables, and how each member will play part in ensuring an overall success in the project. According to Daft (2009, p. 92), managing a single project only means that the firm will be narrowing down to specific projects out of the available portfolio. Every single project will be aiming at achieving the long term goals of the organization. The project manager will coordinate his or her team in a way that will ensure that each member understands his or her role in the organization. This understanding will not only ensure that there is no duplication of works, but also ensure that no task will have no one to attend to it. As David (2008, p. 67) notes, when managing a project, it is important to involve various stakeholders, especially the customers. This scholar holds that in the current world, it is imperative to engage consumers in project management in order to help ensure that they own both the process and the final product. When involved, they will feel t hat the product was part was as a result of their opinion, and for that matter, they will feel comfortable owning the entire project. This is part of ensuring that there is a long-term return to the firm, especially if the firm retains such consumers. It is through this that there will be a general success in managing a single project. Portfolio Management Effectiveness It is very vital to ensure that portfolio management is effective given the fact that it has great influence on individual project’s success. Success and effectiveness of a portfolio is derived from comparing the amount of total inputs allocated in the projects and the total outputs derived from the same while considering the satisfaction of consumers. The inputs and output are valued in terms of money and a difference between the two is obtained. Many scholars argue that for a firm to measure the success and effectiveness of a portfolio several factors should be considered. According to Coulter (2009, p. 56), a proper indicator of a successful and effective portfolio management apart from considering the financial returns, is by checking out the achievement of the project’s aims and objectives and the fulfillment of the ultimate mission of the project. This also puts into consideration the portfolio fulfillment of all the stakeholders’ interests and expectations. Fulfilling the stakeholder’s expectations is vital for any successful and effective portfolio management. The following are some of the indicators used in measuring performance and effectiveness of projects portfolio management. Project Portfolio Management effectiveness Indicators Indicator How it is measured Achieving results Satisfaction of the customers, financial results, meeting of the scope, cost consciousness, quality to the stakeholders. Achieving the purpose Ability to achieve the defined project purpose. Balancing of priorities Successful balancing of the resources in a way that offers sa tisfaction to all the stakeholders. Methodology In every research, it is always important to define the methodology that would be used in order to avoid confusion. There are two main research methodologies that are always used in the social science research. The first approach is always the quantitative research. Quantitative research involves the use of facts and figures in empirical manner. Quantitative research involves systematic empirical study of a phenomenon by use of statistical tools. Its main objective is always to employ mathematical theories and models in developing its generalization. Quantitative research is therefore, be very appropriate in this research, and therefore, would be used. This approach would be useful in testing of the hypothesis in the research. It also helps in testing the validity of the research using statistical tools. The second approach is always the qualitative research, also known as the deductive methods. The deductive approach uses descripti ve data in explaining different phenomenon. This approach was very important in this research because it enabled the research to give a descriptive statistics to various facts under the study. The ethnographic nature of qualitative analysis would be helpful in explaining the organizational culture that has direct impact on the organization. Although this research will not entirely be based on qualitative research, its importance cannot be ignored, and as such, the research will have some elements of qualitative research in it. Expected Research Duration In every project, there must be a clear schedule that should be followed to ensure that it achieves its objectives. This project should be completed within four months.The system should be up and running within the four months from the day it is officially set operational. List of References Kanda, A 2011, Project management: A life cycle approach, PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. Kousholt, B 2007, Project management: Theory and practice, Nyt Teknisk Forlag, New York. Murch, R 2004, Project management: Best practices for IT professionals, Prentice Hall PTR, Upper Saddle River. Nagarajan, K 2005, Project management, New Age International, New Delhi. Panneerselvam, R Senthilkumar, P 2010, Project management, PHI Learning, New Delhi. Amrosini, V., Johnson, G Scholes, K 1998, Exploring Techniques of Analysis and Evaluation in Strategic Management, Financial Times Press, New York. Coulter, M 2009, Strategic Management in Action, Pearson Higher Education, New York. Coveney, P Highfield, 1995, Frontiers of Complexity: The Search for Order in a Chaotic World, Fawcett Columbine, New York. Daft, R 2009, Organization Theory and Design, Cengage Learning, New York. David, F 2008, Strategic Management: Concepts, Pearson Higher Education, New York. This proposal on Influence of Project Portfolio Management on Individual Projects was written and submitted by user Frankl1nR1chards to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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